The Enrichment of the Vocabulary through Word Formation Processes in both English and Albanian Languages

During the process of English language acquisition as a foreign language, as well as in countless translations, the Albanian speaker both as a learner and a user of English language firstly faces with its semantic and lexical structure. The lexical structures of both languages have their pecularities, which appear among others, even in the different volume of lexical, semantic and idiomatic wealth.The creation of new words, the immediate nominating response to multifaceted developments of material, spiritual, intellectual and aesthetic world, makes English the language with the most powerful status today. This paper aims at studying some of the essential means of vocabulary enrichment in both English and Albanian language, in terms of syntactic means, by comparing and contrasting. The study will cover the potential to create new words in both languages, such as derivation, compounding, conversion as well as borrowings in English and Albanian.


Introduction
A characteristic of all human languages is the potential to create new words. Throughout the history of the English and Albanian languages new words have been incorporated into the language trough borrowings as well as through the application of morphological and derivational rules to existing words and morphemes.
This paper aims at studying the potential to create new words through wordformation processes in both English and Albanian languages. Interest in wordformation processes is probably as old as interest in language itself. Many of the questions that scholars are asking now were also being asked in the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. (Bauer, 1983) The two most common types of wordformation in English and Albanian languages are derivation and compounding, both of which create new words from already existing morphemes. Derivation is the process by which a new word is created through the addition of affixes. On the other hand, compounding is a process involving the combination of two or more roots to give a new word. Other types of word formation are conversion, clipping, blends, backformation.

Characteristics of wordformation in English
How are new words being formed in the English language? The process consists of a combination of morphemes that are rule-governed (a new word is formed).
clean [or cloth] tables), or both compounds may create a whole new meaning altogether (i.e railroad, which is not a "road" in the typical sense of the word.) It is also possible to form words whose components are equally important to or descriptive of its meaning, for example, a washer-dryer refers to an object combining two functions.

Types of compounds
Compounds are sometimes written as a single word, sometimes with a hyphen, and sometimes as separate words. From this classification derive the three types of compounding: solid compound, temporary compound and open compound. (Shqerra,2009) • Solid compounds or compounds written as one word are the most common type of compounds. Also called as "closed" forms in which two usually moderately short words appear together as one. Examples are housewife, lawsuit, wallpaper, basketball, etc. Combinations of words in solid compounds are: Adjectives plus nouns (blackboard) Noun plus adjective (goldfish) With an adverb in initial position (background) Adverb plus verb (overcome, outline) Noun plus noun (handwriting) • Temporary compounds have the hyphenated form in which two or more words are connected by a hyphen. Compounds that contain affixes, such as house-build(er) and single-mind(ed)(ness), as well as adjective-adjective compounds and verb-verb compounds, such as blue-green and freezedried, are often hyphenated. Compounds that contain articles, prepositions or conjunctions, such as rent-a-cop, mother-of-pearl and salt-and-pepper, are also often hyphenated.
• Open compounds consist of two or more words written separately. According to the linguist Turn Richard in his "A comprehensible grammar" (England, 2000), a typical feature of English compounds is that many of them are unstable. Even the same author may use some lexical group as word group in one place and as compounds in another place. Scientific compounds are usually not hyphenated and are open compounds: eg.: carbon monoslide poison, dichromic acid solution. A classifying genitive plus a noun is also an open compound for eg.: A child's play, a bird's nest). Adjective plus noun (public school, young man) are open compounds.

Derivation
It is the process of creating new words by adding prefixes and suffixes to the root of the existing word. It is one of the most important types of wordformation in all languages. Derivation can be by adding a prefix to the root (rewrite) or a suffix (talker), as well as adding a prefix and a suffix at the same time (unhappiness) By means of derivation there are created new words by changing the grammatical category of the word to which it applies. There should be distinguished both types of affixes, the inflectional affixes and the derivational affixes. The inflectional affixes , which are only eight of them, merely modify a word ( table-tables, birdbird's, stay-stays-stayed -staying), whereas derivational affixes create a new word of an other grammatical category for eg.: happy -happiness; taste -tasty; real -realize.
Below are examples of the types of prefixes in the English language:

Reservative and deprivative Prefixes
These prefixes describe actions being reversed or of antonymic character. Here are some examples of them: un, de, dis. Un: to untie, to unpack, to unhorse, to unscramble, to unlock. It is usually added to verbs. De: to decriminalize, to deselect, to decontaminate, to debug, to defrost, to delouse, to deplane, to detrain, to decamp, deforestation; It is added to verbs, abstract nouns. Dis: to disqualify, to disinvite, to disenfranchise, to disarm, to disillusion, to disambiguate, discoloured, disconnected, discontent, dissatisfaction; It is added to verbs, participles, nouns.

Pejorative prefixes
Mis: mismanagement, to miscalculate, to misgovern, to mishandle, misleading, misconduct, to misinform (inform wrongly; whereas disinformation means the deliberate spreading of false or distorted information); It is added to verbs, abstract and participles. Mal has the menaning of bad(ly), improper(ly): malpractice, malinformation, malnutrition, maltreatment, to malfunction, maladjusted, malformed, malodorous; It is added to verbs, abstract nouns, participles, adjectives, but only words of latin origin. Pseudo: pseudo-education, pseudo-intellectual, pseudo-science, pseudo-Gothic; It is added to nouns and adjectives. Crypto: crypto-fascist, crypto-Catholic, cryptography; it is added to nouns.

Locative prefixes
Locative prefixes determine the place, or relative place, or (relative) direction, of action or objects. Also, abstract nouns and processes or relations are determined in terms of locality
-ize = also -ise = to make, to treat in the way of: to scandalize, to civilize, to organize, to circularize, to mesmerize, to americanize, to familiarize, to legalize, to nationalize, to soberize, to patronize, to materialize, to popularize, to prioritize, to privatize.
-en = to make, to make become: to strengthen, to blacken, to darken, to deepen, to harden, to shorten, to widen, to deafen, to sadden.
-ate = to add or provide with: to chlorinate, to dehydrate, to urinate, to ventilate; added to: nouns in order to form both transitive and intransitive verbs meaning: "to add to something whatever is expressed by the original noun"; or, "to perform or carry out actions obviously meant by the original noun".

Nominal suffixes
According to Glag (2003), nominal suffixes are often employed to derive abstract nouns from verbs, adjectives and nouns. Such abstract nouns can denote actions, results of actions, or other related concepts, but also properties, qualities and the like.
-er = also -or in words of latin origin: server, dreamer, cleaner, recorder.
-ist: communist, fascist, royalist; converted from: abstract nouns ending -ism or added to certain adjectives (royal); Also it has the meaning (a person practising science or art, trade or profession: archaeologist, violinist, tobacconist, dentist.

Adjectival Suffixes
The adjectival suffixes of English can be subdivided into two major groups: relational adjectives, for example, algebraic mind means 'a mind having to do with algebra, referring to algebra, characterized by algebra', colonial officer means 'officer having to do with the colonies', and so on; and qualitative adjectives which express more specific concepts (Plag 2003). Here are some types adjectival suffixes: -able (also -ible on words of Latin or French origin) breakable, eatable, exchangeable, pitiable, readable, reliable, available, objectionable, treasonable, knowledgeable, agreeable, forgettable, unthinkable, intelligible, responsible, audible etc. (Plag, 2003).
-ese = coming from, being of the nature of; Chinese, Milanese, Portuguese; added to: Some geographic names of foreign nature.

Blends
Blends are words created by connecting parts of two words, for example brunch (from breakfast and lunch), smog (from smoke and fog).

Characteristics of wordformation in Albanian
In Albanian wordformation the two most important types of wordformation are derivation and compounding. Derivation is the most productive type of creating new words even in Albanian language.
There are four types of wordformation by means of derivation process in Albanian language; by means of prefixes, suffixes, prefixes and suffixes simultaneously and without affixes. (Celiku, Karapinjalli 2007) Words created by means of prefixes mean adding a prefix to the existing root. This type of wordformation is less productive than the one by adding a suffix.

Prefixes
Aleksander Xhuvani has accounted 68 prefixes in his book "Prefixes of Albanian language", but many of these are not in use today (n-, m-, s-, a-) (Shqerra 2009).
According to the grammar book of the Albanian Academy of Science,"Gramatika e gjuhës shqipe"(2002), prefixes do not usually change the grammatical category in Albanian wordformation. Thus, a prefix is added to a verb to create an other verb, or added to a noun ro create an other noun, added to an adjective to form an other adjective etc. (Celiku, Karapinjalli 2007). It merely gives an other meaning to the new word of the same grammatical category which is created.

Prefix Root Suffix
Apart from the formations with prefixes and suffixes, in Albanian there is an other type of wordformation, in which words are formed by adding a prefix and suffix simultaneously as perfundoj, perkrenare, perfaqesoj, shfrytezoj, zhdoganoj etc. This type is the least productive of all the other derivational types of wordformation process.

Words formed without an affix
We provide the examples of nouns derived by verbs, eg.: hap-i, (step), mund-i (effort), or verbs shendosh(get fat) formed by the adjective shëndoshë.

Compounding
In Albanian language and morphology the process of compounding consists of these categories or groups: compounded words, attached words (fjalet e perngjitura).
Attached words make the most interesting type which does not exist in English wordformation process. They are words created historically with the passing of time as used always together. They differ from the compound words due to the fact that they cannot be divided in two words, as compound words do. Attached words in Albanian are: gjëegjëzë (puzzle), farefis (kinship), askush (nobody) etc.

Conversion
This type of wordformation is also found in Albanian language; the creation of prepositions out of adverbs: afer, anes, brenda, drejt, gjate, jashte etc; the creation of nouns out of adjectives eg.: e bukura, te lashtat, te ardhurat, i ri, i ditur etc (Albanian Academy of Science, Morphology, 1976).
Another typical type of wordformation in Albanian is by adding the former artcle to the existing word. In Albanian this typical wordformation type is called paranyjëzim. It is a very productive way of creating words, but not found in English language. The rule is that most of the participles can turn into adjectives by adding the former article and there is created a new word, which belongs to an other part of speech.