Paleopalynological Study of Tiliaceae and Rutaceae Families during Quaternary Period in Elbasan City

Palynological data are reported in the present study, obtained in depositions of last XX centuries (last historic period of New Holocene, last Quaternary), from representative stations of Elbasani, important and ancient town in the central Albania. In this article for the first time is provided some paleopalynological data about the dispersion of Tiliaceae and Rutaceae families during Holocene period in the area where is situated Elbasan city. The aim of this paper is to present the correlation between the depth and dispersion of Tiliaceae and Rutaceae families on different periods of time. For this purpose we took some samples from various layers of soil, starting from the surface to four meters depth. Palynological data for these families are given for the first time in the Palynologic literature in our country. The data show a very interesting correlation between the depth and number of spores and pollens for these two families.


Introduction
The given material presents paleopalynological data of Holocene deposits in Elbasan district.
Pollen and spores can undoubtedly be preserved because the outer wall of the grains is extraordinarily resistant (Kapidani, 1996;Pacini & Franchi, 1978).
Plant microfossils of these two families have not been studied previously from any of the localities in Elbasan and there aren't any studies by neither native or foreign authors for spore and pollen content data about these plants in Holocene deposits in our country.(Kapidani, 1996;Kapidani & Jançe, 2004).
Information on the method of collection, preservation and laboratory processing of the pollen grains of these plants were provided by this study as well.
The study in Holocene deposits also provides the factors which have their impact on the potential transformation of the flora in Elbasan district.(Kapidani & Jançe, 2004;Muhameti et al., 1984;Moore & Webb, 1978;Shalla, 1983;Jance & Kapidani, 2011;Forest et al., 1999).Observations, counting and photos of palynomorphs it was carried on using light microscopes, magnification up to 1000x.
The quantitative data through spores and pollens variety of Rutaceae and Tiliaceae families deposited on the ground shows the direction of evolution of these two families mentioned in the study.(Kapidani, 1996;Kapidani & Jançe, 2004;Muhameti et al., 1984).

Materials and Methods
During this study we have taken 16 soil samples, starting from 4 meters depth to 0.25 m.The distance between the sampling stations is 0.25 m.Palynological examination of all samples showed that all contained a large amount of organic matter that appeared suitable for pollen analysis.For each soil sample we have prepared 20 microscopic preparations.

2.1
The method of acetolysis according to Erdtman.
In order to get better results first mix 1cm 3 soil with 10ml KOH (10%).After that we cleaned it with distillated water, and then we mixed it with acetolyze solution, until a neutral environment is obtained.The emasculation process is followed by a centrifugal process for three minutes (3000 rotation/minute).After that, granules were placed on slide and were observed with a microscope by dropping a drop from glycerin solution and water in a ratio 1:1.The acetolyze method is widely used in palynology; it gives better visibility over the spores and pollens compared with the other methods used during the microscopic observation process.(Aleshina, 1964;Erdtman, 1960Erdtman, , 1969;;Kapidani, 2005;Kapidani & Jançe, 2004;Moore & Webb, 1978;Davis, 1999;Jance & Kapidani, 2011).We then use this method to assess the paleoclimate and paleoelevation represented by the assemblage and will discuss the results in terms of their implications for the uplift history of the Elbasan region.

Fixture of prepared composites.
The fixture of prepared composites was realized by using the method of glue-preparations through gel-glycerin.The gelglycerin was prepared based on the Kisser method (Kisser, 1935) by using 50gr of gelatin, 175 ml of distillate water, 150gr glycerin, 7gr phenol (crystals).Once the distillate water was heated up to 50 o C, the gel was dropped into it.It was mixed up several times till melted properly.Then the glycerin and the composite were added and boiled till the liquid became thicker and viscose.After the phenol was added to the mixture, a uniform melted composition was taken.The prevention of air bubbles that might emerge during the process of composite preparation was made by warming up in advance all equipment used over the process.The final composite was isolated to the edges of microscope slide with spray or paraffin and after 3 days it was ready to be used and stored.

Results and Discussions
The maximum number of spores of Tiliaceae family (25 spores per sample) is taken in 4 m of depth while the minimum number is taken in 2.5 m of depth.Regarding to the Rutaceae family the maximum number of spores (51 spores per samples) is taken close to surface 0.25 m of depth.

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On table 1 are presented the data about the number of spores for both two Tiliaceae and Rutaceae families according to the depth.Also is presented and the total number of spores for each of two families.
On figure 1 is clearly shown a small increasing or the steady number of spores of Tiliaceae family from the 2.5 m of depth towards the surface except in the depth 0.25 m.
While regarding to the Rutaceae family, representatives of this family are present only in two samples of surface, respectively 0.5 and 0.25m also is clearly shown the increasing number of spores for this family above all near to the surface.Based on the microscopic analyzes the most of the 158 spores or pollens of Tiliaceae family belong to Tilia Type (Photos 1, 2, 3), as for the Rutaceae family almost of the 74 spores found and analyzed belong to the Citrus Type (Photos 4, 5).
From the survey results of Table 1 for all stations noted that, not all palynomorphs for both families are present at all depths.In sample 16, belonging to 0.25 meters depth the number of spores of Tiliaceae family is 25, as for the Rutaceae family in sample 15 and 16, belonging to 0.5 -0.25 meters of depth the number of spores undergoing a rapid growth.
The dispersion rate of family Tiliaceae spores for different samples is presented (Figure 3).
In the figure 4 is presented the dispersion spores of the Rutaceae family from the bottom to the surface (Photos 4, 5).The steady number of spores of Tiliaceae family maybe shows that: the human factor not had any impact on these plants and these plants during these years keep the same presence, also increasing the number of spores for this family near to the surface may is connected with the cultivation of this family recent years in Elbasan city (Group of authors, 2003).Palynomorphs type of lime (Tilia) lack of depth 4 m to 2.75 m and is present from 2.5 to up to the surface; worth mentioning that the depth of 2.5 m is dated approximately mid 600.This plant grows in its natural state far from the city of Elbasan.Based on these data we may say that perhaps linden can be planted as ornamental plants for the city.
Another interesting fact is the presence of palynomorphs type of citrus (Citrus type).These are only found in the depths of 0.  2. The spore's number of Tiliaceae and Rutaceae family is increasing their overall presence from the bottom to the surface.3.Not all palynomorphs for both families are present at all depths: -The spore's number of Tiliaceae family shows permanency from 2.5 to up to the surface.
-The spore's number of Rutaceae family increases close to the surface (0.5-0.5 m of depth).4. Since in Elbasan region not had climate and natural factors that have influenced in the vegetation change; we are mostly of the opinion that vegetation changes reported over the years are mainly related to the impact of human hand cultivation of useful plants.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The spore's dispersion of Tiliaceae and Rutaceae families according to the depth Based on the data presented in table 1 and figure 2 the spore's total number of Tiliaceae family is greater than that of Rutaceae family, respectively 158 and 74 spores.Based on the microscopic analyzes the most of the 158 spores or pollens of Tiliaceae family belong to Tilia Type (Photos 1, 2, 3), as for the Rutaceae family almost of the 74 spores found and analyzed belong to the Citrus Type (Photos 4, 5).From the survey results of Table1for all stations noted that, not all palynomorphs for both families are present at all depths.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. The total number of spores according to Tiliaceae and Rutaceae families

Figure 3 .Figure 4 .
Figure 3.The spore's dispersion of Tiliaceae family according to the depth 5 -0.25 m.Increasing the number of spores of Rutaceae family near to the surface may is connected with the cultivation of this family in Elbasan city, 150 years ago.This fact among other things, leads us to consider in the human role on the cultivation of this plant.Age of sample 0.5 m estimated approximately circa 1750.Based on this fact one might think that orange and lemon are brought and cultivated in Elbasan about these years.(Group of authors, 2003).
total number spores of Tiliaceae family are greater than this of Rutaceae family.

Table 1 .
Number of spores according to the depth