Onomatology in the Light of Modern Linguistics

Onomatology is considered one of the well-studied areas in Bashkir linguistics. However, there are a number of issues requiring specification and refinement. Thus, today there is no consideration and study in monographic sense for such categories of Bashkir onomatology as cosmonyms, zoonyms, mythonyms, phytonyms, urbanonyms, and nicknames. The role of onomastic units in the creation of the Bashkir language picture of the world is not defined either. This paper, because of an integrated approach to the study of onomastic space of the Bashkir language, revealed general and specific features of onomastic units of the above categories. In particular, lexical and conducted genetic analysis and derivation of Bashkir personal names and nicknames; given the highest priority of zoonymic vocabulary; the paper examines lexical-semantic features of phytonyms; it suggests lexical-semantic description of urbanonyms; and studies features of the trans-onymization process in the onomastic system of the Bashkir language.


Introduction 1.
Onomastic lexicon contains not only the facts of language, but also carries cultural and historical information on other aspects of society.Therefore, onomastic units for many years do not cease to be at the centre of research interest for both linguists and historians, anthropologists, geographers, and archaeologists.This interest is explained by the desire of using the borrowing not only to learn the language and its history, but the history of the people, their ethnic and cultural development; Many questions of Bashkir onomatology today are clarified and described in detail by T. Kh. Kusimova (2005), F. G. Khisamitdinova (2006), R. A. Suleimanova (2006), toponymy is studied in the papers by A. A. Kamalov (1994), R. Z. Shakurov (1986), M. G. Usmanova (1994), R. A. Sirazhitdinov (2000), et.al.However, onomatology, like all science, does not stay in place, but is developing.Its development features with new questions arising, which are waiting for answer.In addition, urgent problems emerge, requiring immediate solution.An integrated approach to the study of onomastic space can answer many questions and help address the key challenges in this field of linguistics, identify common and specific features of onomastic units of different rank.Thus, today there is no consideration and study for such categories of Bashkir onomatology as cosmonyms, zoonyms, mythonyms, phytonyms, urbanonyms, and nicknames.The role of onomastic units in the creation of the Bashkir language picture of the world is not defined either.The absence of a comprehensive study in the Bashkir linguistics for the onomastic space of the Bashkir language predetermined the goal of this work.
The following objectives are put forward in order to solve the goal: a) A comprehensive review of the Bashkir onomatology, identifying its specific character; b) Lexical and word-formation and genetic analysis of the Bashkir personal names and nicknames; c) Analysis of the zoonymic vocabulary in the Bashkir language; d) Lexical-semantic analysis of phytonyms; e) Lexical-semantic description of urbanonyms; f) Identification of the trans-onymization process in the onomastic system in the Bashkir language.

Literature Review 2.
Bashkir onomatology on a truly scientific basis started to flourish with the 70-ies of XX century.This is the period when there appeared articles and books of scientific and popular character on various issues of onomatology.In 1967 -1974 years, the cities of Ulyanovsk, Ufa, Gorky, Saransk, Penza held five conferences on onomatology of the Volga region.During this period there were published the papers by R. G. Kuzeev, T. M. Garipov, T. Kh.Kusimova, Dzh.G. Kiekbaev, A. A. Kamalov, R. Z. Shakurov, Z. G. Uraksin, F. G. Khisamitdinova, et. al.The works of the above-mentioned linguists reflect the results of studies on anthroponomy, toponymy, and zoonymy.Now, in the early XXI century, the researches on Bashkir onomatology are continued.The thesis paper by R. Ya.Khalitov "Hydronyms of the Orenburg region" is devoted to the study of names of bodies of water in the Orenburg region.Hydronyms are examined in the following aspects: principles of the nomination of water bodies, sources of names, structural features of word-formation for hydronyms.R. Ya.Khalitov highlights the components that define the attributes of objects in colour, volume, shape, and depth in complex hydronyms.For example: colour of the object: , 'white'; , 'black'; depth: , 'deep'; , 'shallow' (Khalitov, 2002).L. A. Lasynova in her work analyses the oronyms of the southeast Bashkortostan on lexical-semantic, genealogy and morpheme-word-formation characteristics.The author highlights two main groups of oronyms by lexical-semantic features: 1. Oronyms reflecting properties of natural objects.2. Oronyms pointing to economic and ideological activities of people.The scientist examining linguistic affiliation oronyms concludes that the southeast Bashkortostan features with the ethnic relations of following nature: Iranians-Turkomans, Finno-Ugric-Turkomans, Mongols-Turkomans, and Russian-Bashkirs (Lasynova, 2004).
Rich scientific information on the Bashkir anthroponomy can be found in the book by T. Kh.Kusimova and S. A. Bikkulova " 'Bashkir names'".In this paper, Bashkir names are divided into 20 groups on lexicalsemantic features.Here are some of them: names reflecting the external features of the child and the physical properties, such as the word 'birthmark': , ; names reflecting time-pertaining events: , , ; 'moon', 'dawn'; names reflecting the conditions when the child was born: , ; 'raid','battle' and 'celebration'; names reflecting colours: , ; 'white', 'black'; names formed based on the denominations of plants and flowers: , ; 'hackberry ', 'oak' (Kusimova and Bikkulova, 2005).Bashkir mythotoponyms and individual mythonims are reflected in the lexicographical work by G. Kh.Bukharova, "Bashkir onomatology in the context of spiritual culture.Dictionary of mythotoponyms".The author describes not only the area of distribution of mythotoponyms, but discusses the issues of their etymology (Bukharova, 2006).
Interesting materials on Bashkir anthroponomy can be found in the paper by F. G. Khisamitdinova and S. Kh.Tupeev " 'Bashkir names of Turkic origin'".This paper determines the meanings of Turkic names, interprets each component of complex anthroponyms.For example, -, the Arab word meaning 'servant', 'servant of God;'perpetual companion' + , a Turkic and Mongolian title (Khisamitdinova and Tupeev, 2006).
The work on toponymy by R. Z. Shakurov "On the trails of geographical names" is aimed at the study of geographical objects of the basin of the Dema River of the Republic of Bashkortostan.The author in his work produces lexical-semantic, lexical, and genetic analysis and derivation of Bashkir names.R. Z. Shakurov concludes that the names of geographic features are directly related to the practical activities of people, toponyms arouse from the needs of society; they serve these needs and, therefore, reflect all aspects of reality (Shakurov, 1986).
Bashkir ethnonyms are studied in the candidate thesis paper by R. A. Sirazhitdinov.The author pays special attention to scientific research, which put forward the different versions of the origin of the ethnonym ' '.R. A. Sirazhitdinov, producing a thorough review of the linguistic literature, concludes that the most convincing is the hypothesis by N. V. Bikbulatov, who connects the ethnonym with the anthroponym .From the point of view of semantics, Bashkir ethnonyms, according to scientists, are divided into the following groups: a) ethnonyms going up to zoonyms; b) ethnonyms going up to phytonyms; c) ethnonyms going up to anthroponyms; d) ethnonyms going up to the social and material terms; e) numerical ethnonyms.The author believes that the most ancient are totem ethnonyms associated with ancient mythical representations of the Bashkirs (Sirazhitdinov, 2000).
According to a brief review of the literature on the Bashkir language onomatology, one can draw some conclusions, that this field of Bashkir linguistics is developing dynamically; a lot of monographs are published and thesis are defended devoted to different sections of onomatology.

3.
Systematic study of onomastic space of the Bashkir language uses descriptive and historical methods, and the elements of analysis and synthesis.Descriptive method was used in the collection and cataloguing, as well as in the systematization of linguistic material.Using this method, the onomastic units were divided into species and types.The historical approach to the study of onomastic space revealed the linguistic identity of onyms, showed the connection of the onomastic units to the history and culture of the people.In addition, the historical method allowed for determining the correlation of certain phenomena of Bashkir onomatology with a particular period in the life of society.Using the method of analysis revealed morphemic structure and word-formation characteristics of onomastic units and clarified the productive derivational formants.The results can contribute to the development of descriptive lexicology.Some of the findings may be used in the study of historical grammar of the Bashkir language, linguistics, and ethnography of the Bashkirs.The practical significance of this study is that the results can be claimed in the preparation of general and specific dictionaries, articles materials can be used in research works on onomatology and ethnography.

Bashkir anthroponomy
Despite the availability of research in various areas of the Bashkir onomatology, some problems require in-depth and comprehensive study.
Modern Bashkir anthroponomy is represented by such onyms as personal names, nicknames, and pseudonyms.Bashkir names contain language materials from not only the Turkic language family, but also from the Semitic and Indo-European families of languages.Despite the wide representation of foreign lexemes in the Bashkir anthroponomy, fixed assets is comprised of personal names made of, according to T. H. Kusimova, native Bashkir words that are associated with the ancient traditions of naming.Traces of animistic worldview preserved in the names associated with the spiritualization of natural phenomena, celestial bodies, with the names of animals and totems (Kusimova and Bikkulova, 2005).The oldest are the names that reflect the outward signs of the child.For example, children born with a caul received names with the component of 'face', 'image': -Iuzlubai, -Iuzlibika.Some of the names point to the time, when the child was born.The components of such names are 'day', 'night', 'moon', 'sun', 'dawn'.For example: -Aigul, -Aitugan, -Kunsulu.In many ways it is reflected semi-nomadic Bashkir way of life.The composition of such composite names features with the words 'way', 'route', 'transmigrate': -Iuldash, -Iuldybai, -Iulaman, -Kuchim, -Kucherbai.The system of Bashkir names has names-amulets.Ancient Bashkirs believed in the magical power of words and thought that the "safety names" are the way to save the child.For example: -Tursun, -Tursunguzha, -Ulmasbai, -Ulmasbika, -Isianbai, -Isiangul, in which the components are the following words 'to live', 'will not die', 'unharmed', 'alive'.The Bashkirs life is closely connected with nature, wildlife.Many of the qualities of animals and birds have motivated the use of animal names in the consecration.Names submitted by the names of animals, are widely used by the Bashkirs.For example: , , : 'lion', : 'nightingale', : 'swallow', : 'wolf'.The second group of Bashkir names in words borrowed from the Arabic, Persian, Mongolian, Russian, Hebrew languages, as well as European languages.As it is known, VII -X centuries in Central Asia were marked by wide usage of the Arabic language as a language of educated and religious people, while the Persian language was used as a literary language in Seljuk state, and for the majority of the peoples of the East it started to serve as a language of poetry and prose.During this period, the Arab and Persian languages were spreading and encountered the Turkic language.As a result, the Turkic languages were filled with the words from the Arab and Persian languages.As the analysis of Arab names shows, first borrowed names were the names of the prophets.For example: -Mukhammet, -Idris, -Ilias, ( ) -Iusuph.However, it is impossible to explain the circumstances of penetration of Arab names only by the influence of Islam.Many of borrowed Arab names belong to the sphere of science and education, and they penetrated in Turkic languages under their influence.For example: - -Gulbika, -Gulnur, -Gulzifa.Borrowings from the Mongolian language are common for the composition of Bashkir anthroponyms.T. Kh.Kusimova believes that the name Airat goes up to the Mongolian ethnonym -the name of a tribe, -Chigiz'strong, great ', -Kulguna 'mouse' (Kusimova and Bikkulova, 2005).Hebrew words that occur in the Bashkir language, mostly related to theonyms.For example: -Abraham, -Moses, -Isaac, -Solomon.When analysing the linguistic identity of the Bashkir names, it can be stated that there is a reverse borrowing.For example, N. A. Baksakov, analysing the etymology of the Russian names, comes to the conclusion, that the family name Karamyshev goes up to the Turkic word 'warder' or 'got older', and anthroponym Kochubei consists of a composition of Turkic words 'younger bey'.Family name Tatarinov goes up to the Turkic ethnonym -Tatarian, family names Shishkin and Shishkov are formed from the root 'tumor' (Baskakov, 1979).In recent years, there has been frequent use of European names in the Bashkir anthroponymic system.This group includes the following names: Albert, Oliver, Oscar, Marseille, Marat, Louise, Diana, Sofia, Ilmira, Eleanor, Clara, and Jeanne.There are facts of naming with incomplete forms of borrowed names.For example: Margarita -Rita, Edward -Edik, Vladislav -Vladik (Suleimanova, 2006).
Thus, Bashkir anthroponomy is developing and being enriched using internal resources, as well as borrowed words.

Bashkir family names
As it is known, the Turkic peoples, including the Bashkirs, did not use family names.If necessary, nicknames or pseudonyms were used instead of family names.Usually people were named with the following scheme: name + father's name + kinship terms 'daughter' or 'son'.For example, 'Arslan, the son of Bikmet', 'Malika, the daughter of Sultanbai'.In historical documents of the XVII century, the Bashkirs are listed with the family names.Bashkir family names were created in the same way, as Russian family names, and the formants were the same linguistic resources, as well as for Russian family names.The functions of the names were names or nicknames, ethnonyms and names of geographic objects.For the purposes of the general passporting, according to T. M. Garipov, children, especially boys, instead of the family names, used their father's name.For example, 'Shakir Karimovich Karimov', while the son of Shakir, i.e. the grandson of Karim will have the name 'Zakir Shakirovich Shakirov' (Garipov, 1976).Thus, the names of close relatives were not the same; they changed from generation to generation.Bashkirs family names in their present form began to take shape in the XVII century.
Their basis was personal names, and by adhering of suffixes of the Russian language, to personal names, mainly to male names, the family names are formed.In this process, the following suffixes are actively used: 1) If the name ends in a consonant phoneme, then it is necessary to add the suffix of -(-): -, -, -; if the phoneme is in the end of the name, then alternates with the phoneme when forming family names.It means that in this case we can observe the following morpho-phonological phenomenon: -, -, -, -, - (Abdullina, 2004); 2) If the name ends in , , , then it is necessary to add the suffix of -(-): -, -, -, -; 3) If the root ends with vowels, then it is necessary to add the suffix of -(-): -The formation of the family names features with falling out of the phoneme , , , in the end of the name: -, -, -, -; -If there is the component -in the name, then the phoneme falls out at forming family names: -, -, -.
Thus, in the process of formation of the Bashkir language, family names are formed at a certain law.In this process, productive formants are the suffixes of the Russian language (Ishbaev et al., 2006).

Bashkir nicknames
As it is known, nicknames function as an informal person's name.A human being does not choose own nickname, just as the personal name.Nicknames usually exist within a micro society (a group of people working or studying together, the residents of a village, a group of young people) and used in the language of this group.They, in contrast to personal names, indicate the actual features and qualities of the person, as the most frequent reasons for their occurrence are bright and individual features called (Karabaev, 2008).
Nicknames in the Bashkir language in its lexical and semantic features, word features, and lexical-genetic sources are divided into several groups.
In some cases, the appearance of nicknames motive is personal attitude to the properties referred to, that is, the modality is observed.The modality can be expressed by different grammatical means.For example, the nicknames 4) In terms of the historical approach, the ancient personal names are the names that indicate the outward sign of the child; 5) The Bashkirs to the XVI century did not use family names.Bashkir family names are formed by the scheme of Russian last names; 6) The function of nicknames in the Bashkir language belongs to the words of different lexical-semantic group; 7) The largest portion of urbanonyms is made up of anthroponymic godonyms; 8) Bashkir onomatology features with the observed transition from one category to another.Using transonymization, lexical units in the formal respect are not affected.

Conclusion 6.
Bashkir onomatology is diverse and multidimensional in its material component of the fund, according to the semantic organization of origin, on the relationship of literary language and dialects.The study of the Bashkir onomatology, being closely associated with the history and life of the people, has value in terms of reflecting the dynamics of life, the evolution of consciousness and innovation life.
In this article, we discussed the main sections of the Bashkir onomatology.Nevertheless, there remain some open questions regarding this section of the Bashkir linguistics.In the future, we expected to further in-depth study of such onomatology units as zoonyms, cosmonyms, phytonyms, and mythonyms.Linguistic analysis of the given onyms, in our opinion, helps to clarify some phenomena in the field of Bashkir onomatology, and in the field of ethno-cultural development of the people.
The same semantic phenomena are observed among the Persian borrowings.Some words are the synonyms to Arab and Bashkir names.For example: