On the Issue of Optimization of the Russian Language Study in a Foreign Audience

When studying vocabulary of the modern Russian language foreigners must take into account its peculiarities, namely division of vocabulary into thematic groups and the possibility of the word transition into the other thematic groups with the acquisition of new connotations in the development of new denotative meanings. Practicing this kind of linguistic units in specific speech situations requires more efforts, those who study the language can face the connotative confusion. The authors of the article attempt to show the methodological possibilities of presentation of the linguistic material in a certain way, focusing on the description of semantic-forming models (word formation models), giving examples of the use of words in figurative meanings, indicating conformity of components of such models in Russian and French. This approach will allow teachers to restructure the system of vocabulary presentation, as well as to make the didactic material more expressive.


Introduction 1.
Modern methodology of foreign languages training requires new methods.We consider that wide use of semantic-forming models, their training in a definite system of exercises, the comparison of these models in the native language and, in our case, in the Russian language, may intensify the process of learning.In the 80-s of the XX century in the scientific literature some papers appeared which were related to partial description of such models.These were works by Shansky N.M. (Shansky, 1981;Shansky et al., 1983), Filippov A.V. (Shansky et al., 1983), Novikov L.A. (Novikov,1982), Ismagulova B.Kh. (Ismagulova, 1979;Ismagulova, 1978), Romanova N.N.(Romanova, 1981), focused on this aspect of the Russian vocabulary comprehension and presentation.The biggest part of semantic-forming models have not yet been fully described and understood from the point of view of differentiation of the Russian etymology of polysemy and single rooted homonymy.It is interesting to know in which era and social environment the meaning of the word appeared, its derivational basis.Knowledge in this area accumulated by the students allows us to analyse what is happening in language processes in any era.
We present such lexical units, which can be attributed to a common vocabulary of literary language.We believe that this will allow learners of Russian as a foreign language to speed up the process of learning vocabulary and to understand the specifics of the lexical system of the Russian language both at the stage of development of the partially basic level, and then of the advanced one.For example, B.Kh. Ismagulova, notes that "it is necessary... to achieve understanding of semantic-forming model and its varied expressions, the ability to detect specific facts of language actualization of a particular model of semantic-forming (Ismagulova, 1979).In our opinion, the consideration of models according to the following scheme can be recommended: the essence of model -examples of its implementation with language illustrations -general characteristics of speech and stylistic use of derived schemes.For example, we specify the nature of the action of the model "from the designation of the sign of (semi-) precious stones to the designation of color", then we give following examples: -(diamond fund -diamond dew drops), -(turquoise stone -turquoise wave), -(marble monument -marble face), -(amber necklaceamber wheat), etc.It is noted that these derived values are used in poetry and in high style to express one's admiration.The presentation of models is made by the teacher taking into account the specific needs of the development and improvement of the Russian speech of students (Romanova, 1981).
With the introduction of the practice of new lexical units according to their position in semantic-forming model we should immediately acquaint students with several definitions, multiple connotative characteristics and some contexts.This will give further opportunity to more effectively work with the texts, which use the same word in several different meanings.Pre-text exercises will remove the difficulty, the texts will be more saturated, which will optimize the process of acquisition of a foreign language.
Thus, in the presentation of such models their stylistic feature is given and their genre affiliation is specified, i.e., there is certification of the model and its components.As we have already noted, optimization of foreign language vocabulary training may also consist in a comparative analysis of similar structures in the native and target languages.

Main Body 2.
Semantic-forming models (models of formation of the words meaning) are formed in different parts of speech.Here are some examples in groups of nouns, adjectives, verbs: Model I -from the designation of cultural-mass representations to the designation of social and political events: Arena (rus. ) -an arena of political events; system liberals came into the arena of political events; in the international arena we can see the growing confrontation between Russia and Europe; the United States and a number of other players in the international arena; the degree of influence of the state on the world stage; in the international arena, the best achievements of modern pharmacology came into the arena; in the international music scene, "a few days ago an epic story with wages unpaid to Fabio Capello included a new character: billionaire Alisher Usmanov has appeared in the arena"; it's time for another key figure to appear in the arena; in French: L'arène des événements politiques, l'arène musicale; staging/dramatization (Rus.
) -the political dramatization; unsuccessful dramatization of assassination; arrested for dramatization of assassination; video with mock execution; to deal with dramatization of losses; staging of the crime; the resource of similarity for re-enactment of provocation; to arrange virtual staging of a football match; executions were staged; events are staged by local authorities; the action took place in the form of mock trial; fr.: La simulation politique; performance (rus. ) -NATO performances; performance catching in its nihilism cruelty (description of events); scene (rus.
) -leave the political scene; be in the international arena; fr.: Descendre de la scène politique; être sur la scène international; theatre (rus. ) -the theatre of military operations; monitoring the theatre of military operations; you can learn to conduct negotiations in Business theatre; fr.: théâtre des hostilités; show (rus.) -propaganda show; leisure shows; the song became the main attraction of the show; the place for the conduct of boxing shows; cooking shows; do not allow arranging "the show for the media" out of the liberation of the hostage; fr.: Le show propagandiste, le show culinaire, "Le show pour les médias".
Model II -from the designation of the literary genre to the estimated designation of social life: fable (rus. ) -all these fables, fictions!, compare: fr.Faible means "fable (genre)" and "fiction, gossips, bedtime stories"; this fable has a certain moral (description of political events); political fables; a fable on power; "New fables of the new channel" (the information is not true); "Compared to these promises, fables of western politicians and diplomats on "difficult transition towards democracy" do not cause any enthusiasm in most countries"; these fables resonate with the hearts of compatriots; to call rumours of massive fraud at the polling stations as "fables"; fr.: La faible sur le pouvoir; les nouvelles faibles de la chaîne de television; drama (rus.
) -it becomes a personal tragedy; drama of an ordinary policeman; The real drama of fate; episodes of major political drama; on real events of the military drama; sometimes it comes to drama; everyday drama; fr.: drame politique; omedy (rus.
) -one year ago the Ukrainian comedy called Euromaidan finished and the tragedy of the country began; fr.: La comédie ukrainienne sous le nom d'Evromajdan; proverb (rus.
) -their antipathy has long been a byword; the story, which happened in the late 1990s has become a byword; corruption has become a byword; brush off excess, devouring aesthetics of this self-proclaimed proverb; It is both a detective story and a philosophical proverb; fr.: La corruption est devenue la fable du quartier; romance (rus.
) -they have an office romance; they even had an affair; to have an affair with some famous model; the romance between them started on the dance floor; brutal novel of bringing up in the scenery of the provincial education boarding; fr.: Le roman entre eux a commencé sur la piste de danse; tale (rus.
) -their life is a fairy tale; It is not a life, but a fairy tale!; they have turned this observation into a sacred tale of the West; the tale necessarily ends because real life expands the space of the tale and is much more interesting; All of this is a fairy tale that has nothing to do with reality; This is nonsense, liberal fairy tales (fiction of politicians); "All the stories on the control over Logvinovo appeared to be tales -the pumpkin did not turn into a carriage"; Going to the United Arab Emirates, a tourist wants to appear in the eastern fairy tale, but in fact he/she appears in the middle of skyscrapers and urban hum; It turned out to be a sweet fairy tale for adults; "Grey Monday", "Black Tuesday", the President's press conference ... we cannot talk about good fairy tales and Christmas miracles; fr.: le conte de fée; le conte de fée pour les adultes; tragedy (rus.
) -the tragedy of the Jewish people; news with the details of the tragedy; to face human tragedies every day; to lead to such tragedies; the police are investigating the tragedy; criminal investigation was launched in connection with the tragedy; the tragedy of the society in which such level of rancour has become commonplace; fr.: La tragédie de la société; epic (rus. ) -It should be noted the epic that happened more than three years ago in Greece, and the financial crisis in Cyprus; this sequence of events will be completed at the capital and country level; the epic with Nizhny Tagil gold will continue; the whole epic emerged almost by accident; it is too early to draw the line in the half-year epic; The epic of the heroic defence lasted for 242 days; an epic of two major "cultural unfinished buildings" has finished; Experts predict a continuation of the epic of the sale of the football club; the epic on classified material of the newspaper completed; fr.: L'épopée de la défense héroïque.
This group includes the words: tragicomedy, melodrama.Model III -from the designation of military concepts to the designation of social and political concepts: avant-garde (rus.
) -avant-garde of rural workers; to see yourself at the avant-garde of the struggle for changing the world; the avant-garde of world implants; fr.: Dans l'avant-garde de la lutte pour le changement du monde; army (Tsyganenko, 1989) (rus.
) -the army of fighters for peace; army of scientists; hundreds of thousands of peasants joined the army of the unemployed in the cities; fr.: L'armée des savants, l'armée des chômeurs; battle (rus.
) -the battle for the harvest; the main battle for the world championship gold; Its electorate includes migrant workers, but the party lost the battle for these social group prior to the elections; There is a difficult battle for the widespread introduction of electronic ticket; culinary battle on pancakes cooking; production of its own electric vehicle in such a short time demonstrates the company's desire to join the battle with such rivals; retail chains will join the fierce battle for customers in the online space; art battle; the public will be deprived of "the battle of purses"; the final battle for the exhibition billions; we can expect new battles for the budget; fr.: La bataille pour la récolte; la bataille culinaire; fighting (rus.
) -fighting for minds; It will be perceived as a drumbeat or a xylophone passage, fr.: Le combat pour les esprits; guard (rus. ) -labor guard; old sectarian guard, political guard; old guard of artists; financial guard; "golden" guard of the Chelyabinsk governor; local civil guard; the old guard is constantly straining after power; fr.: Une vieille garde des peintres; skirmisher / initiator (rus.
) ("a soldier in the foragers, who first met the enemy" (Ozhegov & Shvedova, 1992)) is a skirmisher of the competition; the authorities of Texas were initiators, Brussels was a formal initiator; our desire to host such a powerful festival, which is the main instigator of the whole season, the main opposition skirmisher; let's initiate two crops of maize, the album became an initiator of the anniversary project, the fan club became an initiator of the association; an initiator of the public redistribution of power, in the foreign exchange market Asian traders became initiators once again; initiators of this topic, to become a "an initiator" of the regulation of copyrights in the network; cohort (rus.
) ("a detachment of troops, the legion's tenth part in the ancient Rome") -a cohort of scientists; cohort of generals; enter the cohort of "governors-long-livers"; through the new school we will start to shape the competitive young cohort; cohort of standouts; representatives of the highest cohort of the Hollywood masters; get a whole cohort of the new supporters; scientists from the elite cohort; belonging to a cohort of the favourites; attributed to the cohort of the deaf outsiders; cohort of the representatives of the French Championship; replenish the cohort of the athletes; cohort of the lawyers; walk into the cohort of the Russian rappers; places in a cohort of the powerful regional leaders; age cohort; a quality cohort of the journalists; not to explain the nature of the most amazing cohort of the cosmic rays; in the cohort of the strongest skaters in Europe; La cohorte des chefs militaires; les savants de la cohorte élitaire; amp (rus. ) -antimaydan camp; to the extermination camps; divide the city into two camps; not to lose millionaires' friends out of the enemy's camp; the issue divided cycle fans into the two camps; fr.: Diviser la ville en deux camps; weapon (rus. ) -ideological weapon; call the culture of weapon in the fight against the enemies; sanctions -double-edged sword; lay down their arms (stop to defend one's position); fr.: L'arme idéologique; ordinary (rus. ) -ordinary worker; ordinary buyer; the average consumer; ordinary citizens; ordinary medical workers; ordinary Americans; ordinary people; ordinary employees; differ from the ordinary Soviet citizens; ordinary fraud; ordinary case; battle (rus.
) -the battle for bread; battle for the control of the censorship; the upcoming meeting will be a battle with the statistics; acting in the fields of the ideological battles; championship and the most important battles are in front; the intrigue of the last championship of Russia on the figure skating has become the battle of the girls; a tactical battle for the voters; network battles; forty thousand spectators watched the progress of the battle, (Soccer World Cup); popularization of the intellectual battles; fr.: Les batailles idéologiques; front (rus. ) -scope of work; act with the united front against the atrocities of the chief editor; tolerant fighters of the sexual front; on the scientific front; left front of the arts; on the information front; war on the peace front; fr .: La guerre sur le front de la paix.
Model IV -from the symbol of the natural phenomena to the designation of the concept of "a lot": abyss (rus. ) (lat.Profundum "abyss", "immensity" (Shansky et al., 1971)) -an abyss of the money; he/she plunges into "an abyss of suffering"; associations' abyss; plunge into the abyss of the desperate self-pity; push the Ukrainian people into the abyss of the national disaster; step into the abyss for these regions; the abyss of sin; invoke the images from the abyss; in the dark abyss of the digital sea; abyss lies between what the managers think and what they really say; the human race with all the knowledge of the laws will sink into the abyss of sin and into the abyss of crime; competing with the abyss of the viewpoints and outright nonsense; not to fall into the abyss of another crisis; there is an abyss of things which has nothing to do with the news; the new minister expects the abyss of the unsolved problems; we plunge into the abyss of despair, idiocy and abyss of misunderstanding between people; the abyss of the civil war; analysts gaze into the abyss of the crisis; storm (rus.
) -a storm of reproaches; cause a storm of indignation in the social networks; cause an uproar; words of psychic storm; cause a storm of emotions; on his face such a storm of delight !; a storm of people's indignation; everything points to the financial storm; cause a storm of discussion in the press; cause a storm of anger in the ranks of the critics; finish under a storm of applauses; a storm of the positive emotions!; a storm of criticism; fr.: La tempête de reproches; whirlwind (rus.
) -a wave of the people's anger; a wave of indignation, a wave of the political repression, fr.: La vague d'indignation; volcano (rus.
) -semantic tracing from the French une montagne de livre -mountain of the magazines; affairs' mounting; collected a mountain of the bags; increased the number of the mountain flowers; without explosions and mountains of corpses not to deal with; hail (rus.
) -hail of claims; hail of insults (perhaps semantic tracing from fr. gr le first was used in the expression "hail of bullets"); shells rained as hail; shrapnel barrage of bullets bang on the iron roofs; gendarmes were met by the hail of stones; viewers have not seen the hail of thrown pucks; cause the hail of protests from the international community; rockets hailed on the attractions; hail of your quips and jokes burst (A.Griboyedov); fr.: grêle d'injures forest (rus.
) -a forest of antennas; a forest of hands; fr.: la forêt de mains; sea (rus.
) -the sea of banners; a sea of lies; a sea of emotions; a lot of impressions; sea of alcohol; sea of attention; sea of trees; sea of money; fr.: la mer d'émotions; stream / flow (rus.
) -the stream of reproaches; the flow of the people; military equipment was flooded; trade flows; the flow of the migrants, budgetary flows; negative cash flow after the loans' payment ; cash flow was blocked, redistribution of the passenger flows; cost increases with flow increasing of the tourists; retention of the clients' flow; reduce the flow of tourists; reduce the daily labour commuting flows; the flow of tenants will not run out; put on stream; increase the trade and investment flows; a flow of the provocative statements; increase the flow of disputes; resist the flow of the blatant lie; the flow of goods, the flow of information; cash flow, traffic flow, the flow of the refugees to the country; a stream of bombastic clichés and hackneyed jokes; changes in the capital flows; restriction the flow of the transit goods, fr.: les flux de capitaux; abyss (rus.
) -this year there are a dime a dozen nuts in the woods; buddies, friends were at least a dime a dozen (A.Ostrovsky); river (rus.
) -a cloud of flies; a cloud of mosquitoes; with a cloud of fun; countless clouds of midges; traditionally accredited media cloud; in the studio was a cloud of historians, a cloud of cameras; I can already see the cloud of themes, columns, authors, which will not interfere with each other; we have a cloud of people; it will turn out the cloud of people; fr.: la nuage de moustiques; barrage (rus. ) -a barrage of questions; a barrage of criticism fell down; a barrage of the different calls fell down; the guys got a flurry of support for a decent game; a flurry of trials; It has caused a flurry of the tweets' response; because of the barrage of the users' feedback; would expect a flurry of the similar claims; a flurry of comments passed on social media; cause a flurry of indignation; a flurry of the polar estimates boosted the popularity of the group; a barrage of applauses; a flurry of applications for participation; a real barrage of insults; another flurry of the gas grenades; a flurry of self-flagellation; a flurry of humorous quotations.
Model V -from the designated animal to an evaluative, pejorative name of the person with some faults of character: shark (rus.
) -a business shark; a media shark; the sharks of the capitalism; the sharks of the financial market; to gain a foothold among the stock exchange sharks (Semenov, 2003); moron (rus.
) -a flock of morons -the crowd, a group of people blindly going for some leader (Explanatory dictionary of Dmitry Ushakov); a gentle, gullible man who is pushed around -is a total moron, anyone can mock him/her (Dahl, 1880); a dumb moron; how can you load the bus with the such morons and for only 300 rubles spend a day in the freeze; they sit, whispering to each other, do what they want, and you're like a moron; he called his parliament's colleagues morons; he does not look like a stubborn moron; biryuk (lone wolf) (rus.
) -he was healthy as a hog, strong as a hog; bull (rus.
) -to be doomed to become a "guinea pig"; to wake up in a man a rabbit or, for example, a mole -no safer than a wolf or a tiger; lion (rus.
) -in the fields of rye newly arrived lionesses, the wives of the local aristocrats were shining; young newly arrived lions sported hunters' sleds and trotters (M/E.Saltykov-Shchedrin, "Pompadours and Madame Pompadour"); horse (rus. ) -plow at work like a horse, he worked as a workhorse; we have a woman who is transformed into a horse that works forty hours, and moreover must to love, nurture, and engage in farming; compare: the film's title, olds has been formed by a stable "zero", the flourishing of social networks, consumer boom and exaggerated media and researchers attention; hypertrophied attention to the language policy from the people who are not specialists in this field; exactly in the hypertrophied perception of the value of the ratings for the financial market participants is a major risk; creator of the children's thriller about robots pushes hyper-violence into the screen; in an exaggerated way these ideas developed into the concept; exaggerated sense of the self-worth and aversion to the people; to live ( ) -to live a full life; dying ( ) -dying prejudices; After all, the ideology and belief in communism, talked them about dying of the capitalist system and the construction of the economic utopia; Talking about dying of the pharmacist profession is too early, but the development of the automated technologies can significantly change the very essence of the profession; the inevitable process of the political death; The key message of the report -the withering away of the current unipolar system in the USA as a hegemonic power; There is a natural process of dying of the old promotion technology of the musicians (expensive advertising and public relations through the media, distribution networks all over the world ... All this is done in order not to lose the place under the sun under withering away of the paper, or as it is now called in the US, "snail" mail (snail mail).
Model XIII -from the symbol attribute of the place to the designation of the moral and evaluative features: market ( ) -a vulgar conversation, marketplace chatter; Any dispute is an occasion for online bazaar scandal that ends honestly with the lowest insults; to be informed, not drawn into skirmishes and sinking to the level of the marketplace abuse; method of working with users will enhance the efficiency of the work of communities, while avoiding a slide into a market hubbub; The Court is held in the atmosphere of the bazaar squabble -constantly people swearing and threats are heard; get involved in a bazaar quarrel with the deputies; bazaar rhetoric to the visitors' address; marketplace colourfulness; compare: worthless in a market day; tabloid ( ) -tabloid ("petty bourgeois") novel, tracing from French.de boulevard; Ian Tagus wrote in his Twitter, he believes this collage stupid tabloid trash, ... book Madame James -of course, the typical female pulp fiction, a fairy tale about the prince as though taken from a cheap novel; the tabloid press; Love affairs of the super new star every now and then brighten the pages of tabloids; tabloid newspapers; tabloid magazines; areal ( ) -areal abuse; salon ( ) -salon verses; salon conversation; salon novel of the nineteenth century; From the salon comedy of Oscar Wilde Bogomolov it leaves only the initial collision, and several dialogs; Kineshma festival is practically the only one in Russia, aimed at promoting urban, lounge and Gypsy romance; The inhabitants of the religious community decided to do salon business after their project for breeding of the chickens for sale had failed; Play salon jazz gathered participants "Leningrad"; distance from the "salon policy" of his predecessor; Collectors who participated in the New York auction of the Russian art in April 2007, demonstrated a passion for salon-tested painting and classics; advocate for a "new environment" in opposition to the "salon ecology" of the "green" French; presentation of the exclusive salon cars; salon, so-called "well-made" plays; salon novel of the nineteenth century; fr.: la poésie de salon; backstage ( ) -backstage ("unofficial") talk (Krysin, 2008); backroom negotiations, meetings behind the closed doors; backstage decision-making practice; The procedure of early voting is not liked by the experts and observers for its unofficial character; check in a backstage work; related unofficial meetings; The public is not interested in the backstage politics, the public wants to know why the certain decisions are taken; There were no backstage arrangements in the past and nowadays; he retained "as the result of the backroom deals between the government and business leaders; backstage information appeared...; No unofficial interactions in this case, and could not be; We witnessed another backstage solution; unofficial communications; perennial backstage confrontation; fr.: conversations en coulisses.
) -to lull the vigilance; tickle (rus. ) -to tickle nerves; pleasantly tickle one's vanity; such statements tickle nerves; tickle the viewer with outright vocabulary.

3.
The study shows the presence of a large number of similarities of these expressions in the modern Russian and French languages.This coincidence suggests that many of these expressions were mostly taken by the Russian language from the Latin through French (rarely through English).Above all, we can find more similarities when using animate objects in a figurative sense.As for animals, in this case along with the similarity we can see a lot of differences.If the similarity can be explained by common Latin sources, the differences are explained by features of the life of each nation, by its "view of the world".
The further work at the above-mentioned models can be proved by the fact that currently there is a need to create a comparative dictionary of semantic-forming models in the following versions -Russian-French, Russian-English, Russian-German, etc.This will give rich material for the translators, linguists, as well as allow working much more interestingly, showing diverse speech use of the model components, i.e. to facilitate the acquisition of the material and develop linguistic feeling, both at the lessons of Russian as a foreign language and in the study of a second foreign language.