Derivatives of Nostratic Root Morpheme * Ya-“ To Shine , To Glow , To Get Warm ” in Turkic Languages

The paper is devoted to the morphonologic development of the root morpheme *ya"to shine, to glow, to get warm”, which is considered one of the ancient word-nest. In Turkic languages it is possible to restore many of the original word roots through method of word-nest. In the study, on the basis of rich factual material, it is proved that the origin of many derivative word roots come from the root morpheme *ya"to shine, to glow, to get warm". The novelty of the study is that here is manifested a systematic attempt of determining morphological ways of arising new roots from one word-root in the languages of different


Introduction 1.
Turkic languages have such word-nests that gave birth to tens of new words afterwards.The Nostratic root morpheme *ya-"to shine, to glow, to get warm" can be considered to be one of them.In this paper we intend to describe, on the basis of the nest *ya-, the division of this ancient root into different allomorphs and isomorphs in Turkic and non-Turkic languages.
The vestiges of this ancient root are also observed in non-Turkic languages, as Chinese yao-"to shine, to glitter, to glimmer" (The Grand Chinese-Russian Dictionary, 2009), in Egyptian hieroglyphs with y reduction aa "fire, to burn, be on fire" (Budge Wallis, 1920), old Indian *yasah "glitter" (Anikin, 1998), old Indo-Iranian yah-"to boil, to seethe; warm up" (Gerçenberq, 1972).In turkological studies this root has only been reviewed in the context of the Turkic languages.Note that even in Turkic languages, this root with front has undergone various sound transitions.

2.
Two views on the etymon of the root exist in Turkic studies: a group of turkologists reconstruct the root as CVC, the other as CV.Our investigation proves that it is true to reconstruct the etymon in the form of CV, because in this case it is possible to observe the morphonological development of the new allomorphs aroused historically from that word-nest.Both in old and contemporary Turkic languages the root *ya-"to shine, to burn, to get warm, to warm up" has various derivates.The difference between our and the above-mentioned turkologists' studies is the fact that we prove that this word root is of Nostratic origin.The root *yahas the following allomorphs: The allomorph *yan-: The verb yan -"to flare up" in modern Azerbaijani is one of the allomorphs of the root *ya-.Note that in Chuvash the verb yan-, as the result of y~ ç substitution has a variant çun- (Yunusaliyev, 1959).New words derived from this allomorph in different Turkic languages, e.g.Soyot yandan "iron stove" (Rassadin, 2012).In other Altaic languages the initial d substitutes y: Buryat den "candle" (Rassadin, 2012).Cf: Russian den "day".A. E. Anikin (Anikin, 1998) associates Baltic *d n ,*d ne "day, day and night" with old Indo-European root *d -"to shine, to glimmer".Cf.: Semitic *gin "fire" (Orel, Stolbova, 1995), Chinese y n "smoke", yan-"to catch fire" (The Grand Chinese-Russian Dictionary, 2009).
The analyses show that the root *din-// *dein -"the part of a day when it is light" in the Baltic and Slavic languages derived from the semantics "light" ( nikin, 1998).If we rest upon this analogy, the word gün "sun" in Turkic languages seems to arise from that root.The existence of the word kön "to flare up" (Zayonçkovsky, 1961) in Old Turkic language also proves this assumption.So this root is observed with k reflex in anlaut (initial position).The form is preserved as lengthening in modern Khalaj: kö:n "to flare up" .
The allomorph *yak-: In modern Turkish, the verb yak-"to burn" is used as an independent root.The word yax-"to burn, to flame up" also exists in some Azerbaijani dialects.The words yaqtuluk in the Kazan Tatar language and yaqtu in old Uzbek are in the meaning "light".One can find the word yaxtuluk "light" in the 11-14-th century Turkmen sources (Muhamedova, 1973), and yak -"to flame up" in old Uzbek (Fazilov, 1966).
As is seen, in most of these roots, the reduction of y consonant is observed in initial position (anlaut).Cf.Lithuanian agnus "energetic", Lettish agns "hot", Old Indian agnih, Old Russian .If reconstruct the y anlaut in these roots, we find out the homogeneity of Turkic root yak-// yaq-"to burn, to flame up" with Indo-European root ag // aq "fire".
The allomorph *yal-: This allomorph is the root of such words as y ld z // ulduz "star", y ld r m // ild r m "lightning", yalov // alov // alev "fire", yald rak "lightning" that are widely used in modern Turkic languages.In modern Azerbaijani il "warm" the front y has reduced.We face with the word in the form y l in old written monuments.This word has a meaning "to get warmer, to warm oneself, to warm up".
Note that there is a word qal-"fire" in Mongolian.But in Azerbaijani language qala-means "to make a fire; to light / to kindle a fire".Then the verb qala-historically arose from the root qal-// yal-.The latter originated from old word-nest *ya-.It cannot be accidental that Qai meant "the god of fire" in old Egyptian writings (Budge Wallis, 1920).Note that the g~q~y substitution is a universal sound interchange in world languages.This phonological process is also observed in Indo -European languages: e.g.old Indo-European *gen "generation; kin, family", Sanskrit jan-ah "generation".
The Chuvash verb çul-"to burn" with y // ç reflex is a phonovariant of the verb *yal-.As a comparison note that the word hal "fire, bonfire, light, spark, lightning" in Xinjiang Oyrat's language is a phonovariant of the morpheme yal which is an allomorph of the root *ya.There can be noted such parallels as Korean tal-"to be hot, to warm up, to take fire", Old Indo-European tal "to shine; to sparkle, to burn" (Makovskiy, 1989).
The word yal n // yalk n "fire" exists in Siberian Tatar dialects.In Old Turkic languages we find the word yalvaç // yalavaç // yalabaç "prophet".The turkologist fon Gaben explains the word's meaning as "sent by light", and old Turkic yalt r-as "to shine" (Gaben, 2007).Old Turkic yalç n "bright" and modern Turkic dialectal yalç "a stone shining as glass" can also be considered the derivatives of the allomorph *yal-.
As an Uyghur loan word dzula (< jula)-"lamp, torch" is used in Mongolian and considered a Buddhist religious word.Comparing the word with vilax "hearth, fire, lamp" used in Dagestan languages, H.S. Jidalayev believes it to be a Turkism (Jidalayev, 1990).The initial position with z is characteristic for Mongolian languages: e.g.Buryat zula "candle" (Rassadin, 2012).In Azerbaijani dialects the word alov "flame" has the variants yalov // yalav.Naturally, these variants are older.Analogical derivatives prove that these Turkic roots derived from the word-nest *ya-.Taking all these data into account, we may consider that a number of etymologically derivative words with meaning "to burn, to shine, to warm up, to be heated, fire, hearth" in Turkic languages originate from the nest *ya-.
The etymological analyses of this root morpheme cannot only be restricted to the materials of Turkic languages, as it is of Nostratic origin.Cf. the root *dau-// d -"to burn", *dei-"to shine" existed in old Indo-European languages (Makovskiy, 1996).As is known, d-y substitution is more specific and universal in world languages.The facts show that the y, d reduction is observed in the morphonological development of this root.E.Z.Kajibayov showed that the morpheme *yal-"to burn, to catch fire, to be on fire" was a syncretic root (Kajibayov, 1986).The word yula "lamp" is used in an old Uyghur manuscript "Mahabbatname" (Sherbak, 1959).M. Kashgari registered in his famous dictionary the words yal-"to flame up, to burn" , yaldr -// yaldra-"to shine little", yal n "flame" , yalr t-"to shine, to glitter" (Kashgari, 2006), yaltur-"to be on fire" (Kashgari, 2006).
To our mind, G. Clauson (Clauson, 1972) is quite right in comparing the words ya n "light", ya u-"to be lighted", used in the pre-13-th century Turkic languages, with n "ray, beam".In old Turks Ya n was the name of the god of lightning.The parallelism of Azerbaijani i lda-, i q, i ar-, i art , Turkish n "ray, beam", t n "chandelier", lak "glitter", mak "to shine" , other Turkic i q // k "light" prove that they are of the same morpheme * .
The root * is derived from ya -// y -"to shine" by reduction of the consonant y, so the root * -// *yetymologically is the allomorph of the root morpheme *ya-.We assume the Azerbaijani verb isin-"to get warmer, to warm up" to be, as a result of s~ substitution, a derivativ of the allomorph * -.It is not by chance that V.M. Illich-Svitych states Nostratic asa "flame, fire", Indo-European hes "hearth" to be of same origin with Uyghur usu "heat", Mongolian asa-"to burn" (Illich-Svitych, 1984).
Note that the Semitic *yas "fire" (Orel, Stolbova, 1995) is homogeneous with these roots.The root * also derived, by reduction of the consonant y, from the root y , which was an allomorph of the morpheme *Ya-.The Old Turkic ya n "lightning" (Kashgari, 2006), ya la-"to thunder" (Kashgari, 2006) also indicate that the root morpheme is *ya // *y -.The substitution of velar vowels with apical ones is typical for Turkic languages.We find i ne -" to brighten" (Clauson, 1972) in the 14th century old Turkic sources, and y -"to shine" in Khwarezmian turkic language (Gulensoy, 2000).
T. Gulensoy also indicates that the root of Turkish ya n "lightning" is *ya-"to shine, to glitter", and argues for relation of i q // k with this root.In Anatolian subdialects of Turkish language the word ya n // n means "lightning" (Gulensoy, 2000).Analogical facts prove that the word ya n // n is an allomorph of the root *ya-, too.Let's remember that old Indo-Iranian verb uš-meant "to burn" (Qerçenberq, 1972).Apparently there was a reduction of y.
Our research shows that a number of etymologically derived words with meaning "to burn, to shine, fire, hearth, warm up" in Turkic and non-Turkic languages have been originated from the root morpheme *ya-.Various allomorphs from this root were a main source for the formation of new word roots in different language families.

3.
It is possible to reconstruct, based on the word nest method, an initial phonetic form of tens of homogeneous words in Turkic and non-Turkic languages.Our analyses prove that the root morpheme for verbs yal-// yar-// y l-// yul-// qal-// yan-// yak -// ya -// -// s-"light, shining, to burn, to shine, to warm up" is *ya-(a root in CV structure).New words, derivatives, in Turkic and non-Turkic languages, have been generated from Nostratic root *ya-"brilliance, to shine, to warm up, to burn".It should be taken into consideration that, in reconstruction, the lexical parallels in non-cognate languages are of great importance, if we take advantage of typological comparisons in the the etymological analises.